![]() NOTE: Many people have questions about sinking versus sourcing discrete I/O. Other ways you can describe a discrete signal are to say it is either true or false, 1 or 0, open or closed. Because of this, discrete signals are simple to process for a computer or PLC. Just think of discrete I/O as always either on or off.There’s no in between. Some specific applications of discrete outputs would be closing or opening circuit breakers, starting or stopping generators, opening or closing water valves, or turning on and off alarm lights.Īgain, this concept is really simple so I won’t belabor it. Some specific real-world examples of discrete inputs to a PLC would be open or closed circuit breakers, running or stopped generators, a conveyor belt position sensor, or a water tank level sensor. Some of the discrete outputs would be the water fill valve, the water drain valve and the heating element. From our dishwasher example in Part 1, some of the discrete inputs would the start button, the door switch and the water level switch. Some examples of discrete input devices would be things like light switches, push-buttons and proximity switches.Įxamples of discrete output devices are lights, relays and motor starters. The concept is simple, discrete I/O are signals that are either on or off. Sometimes discrete I/O is referred to as digital I/O. The most common type of PLC I/O is discrete I/O. An output module controls devices such as relays, motor starters, lights, etc. An input module detects the status of input signals such as push-buttons, switches, temperature sensors, etc. In a PLC system there will usually be dedicated modules for inputs and dedicated modules for outputs. PLC I/O is the part of the PLC that connects the brain of the PLC, the CPU, to the outside world, the machines. Now it’s time to get a little more specific with what the PLC CPU controls: PLC I/O! In this post we will discuss discrete I/O, analog I/O and briefly introduce industrial communications protocols. We talked about what PLCs are, their history, and how they work compared to a dishwasher. In part 2 we looked deeper into what the PLC processor does, the relationship between the PLC processor and the human brain, and we looked at a few of Allen-Bradley’s most popular PLC/PAC processors. In part 1 I gave an introduction to PLCs. But before we do that, let’s do a little review. Ok, moving on, in this post we are jumping into PLC inputs and outputs, often referred to simply as I/O. Welcome to part 3 of the “Beginner’s PLC Overview” series! Before we get started, if you have not read Part 1 and Part 2, I recommend that you do that now before continuing this post. ![]() We loved to talk with you about your projects and tell you some insights on control and synchronization of media, lighting, motion controls and more, all uniquely designed for themed entertainment.It's time to get a little more specific with what the PLC CPU controls: PLC I/O! This article will discuss discrete I/O, analog I/O and briefly introduce industrial communications protocols.Ī Beginner's PLC Overview, Part 3 of 4: PLC Inputs and Outputs (I/O) Thank you very much for visiting our booth #3-C21. Web configurable targeting and scoring system featuring real-time interactiong through ProCommander® and Pro I/O™ Series. The Pro VP™ is an embedded stand-alone video player solution available in three different versions.Ĭustomize Your Interactive Targeting System The ProCommander® AX is the most advanced micro-sized animation controller ever created, fitting nearly anywhere your attraction requires. ![]()
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![]() ![]() However, if necessary, the unit can also be recalibrated manually by pressing its two buttons simultaneously and holding them down until their LEDs stop blinking. The Touché automatically recalibrates itself each time that power is applied to it, making stable and level positioning essential. In Stand-alone mode, with no presets loaded, the Touché sends its default data of MIDI CC16 to CC19 (Rear, Front, Left and Right Shiftings respectively) and 0V to +5V on each of the four CV outputs. Stand-alone mode is slightly misnamed in that Lié is essential not only to program the Touché’s internal 24-preset memory, but also to automatically upgrade its firmware when necessary. ![]() The Touché has two operational modes: Stand-alone, in which it functions independently to control hardware instruments via MIDI or CV, and Slave, where its functionality is under the control of the Lié VST/AU plug-in. In addition to a high-quality USB lead, Expressive E also supply an adaptor lead that allows you to power the Touché from an external source whilst it is connected to a computer. The Touché’s other controls consist of a circular encoder knob with integral push switch and four associated miniature LEDs whose variable intensities and colours denote various functional states, and two rectangular, stylishly illuminated multi-functional switches (‘Buttons’ in Expressive E-speak).Īll connectors reside on the rear edge of the base, and there you’ll find four independent CV outputs on TS mini-jacks, each of which corresponds to one of the control surface’s directions of movement MIDI in and out/thru on TRS mini-jacks (TRS to DIN adaptors are supplied) and the USB2 connector that can be used to connect either to a computer or to a source of USB power, should you be using the Touché in Stand-alone mode. It is worth noting that all shiftings have to be accomplished by pressure in the desired plane as any attempt to twist the control surface will simply result in it coming off in your hand. A Left or Right Shifting moves the wooden surface in the horizontal plane, and a combination of the two types of shifting produces that which you’d expect. Depending on where and how hard you press it along its length, you can produce either subtle or extreme Shiftings of either type. A slider concealed under the control surface sets the physical ‘sensitivity’ of the lateral movements via a pair of steel springs.Įxpressive E call these vertical and horizontal motions ‘Shiftings’ and, since the wooden control surface is suspended at either end, a Top Shifting describes a tilt down at its far end and a Bottom Shifting a tilt at the near end. Four independent sensors detect these vertical and lateral movements. A second suspension, sitting within the first but independent of it, allows the control surface to be moved left or right in the horizontal plane. Its smoothly tactile wooden control surface almost appears to hover above the base, but closer inspection reveals that it is attached by magnets to an underlying assembly that ‘floats’ on a pair of silicone cylinders, thereby allowing the control surface to be pushed downwards at any point along the length of its longitudinal axis. Physically, the Touché is an attractive and well-built unit whose black, soft-touch base measures a fairly substantial 24 x 10 x 2cm. A Windows 10 Lié beta is imminent, but no release date for the actual program has yet been set. Currently the Touché and its supporting Lié software (recently upgraded to v1.2) are limited to working under Mac OS (10.10 and above). With the release of the Touché, French company Expressive E have brought to market a USB/MIDI/CV hardware controller whose raison d’être is to deliver an intuitive, touch-based approach to controlling the parameters not only of hardware synthesizers, but also of VST software instruments running within a DAW. Once synthesis arrived on the musical scene, note production and the modification of pitch and sound began to be mediated by relatively crude, mechanical means that often struggled to become an integral part of the musical process. The use of touch to control music has a history as long as that of music itself, giving musicians a physically intimate and essentially intuitive relationship with their instruments. Expressive E’s Touché is a hardware controller like no other. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Use the Undo button: Our game has an Undo button, which you can use to undo as many moves as you like.After all, the goal is to turn over all the hidden tableau cards as quickly as possible. Prioritize tableau cards over stock cards: You may be tempted to immediately click on the stockpile, but you should not do this until you truly have no more options available on the tableau.Once you’ve moved the top card, the second card moves up to the top position and all the other cards in the stock also move up one spot, creating new options. In this game, you deal 3 cards instead of 1, and you can only use the top card. The above rules also apply to three-card Solitaire, the only difference being that not all the cards from the stock are available. You should move a King to the empty space as soon as possible this will also uncover a new card. Once you’ve completed a pile, thus creating an empty space, only a King can fill it. With each new card, you should examine whether you can use it somewhere on the tableau in order to uncover new cards. Every time you press or click on this pile, 1 new card is dealt to the waste. When no more legal moves are possible on the tableau, we turn to the stockpile. And since the first card of a foundation always has to be an Ace, we can immediately play it to the foundation. In Figure 3, we see that after moving the 8, a new card is turned over, a black Ace. The more cards have been turned over, the greater the chances of winning the game. You can also move several cards at once if these have already been stacked on top of each other.Įvery time you move a card to another pile, a hidden card will be turned over, giving you new options. In Figure 2, for example, you can move a black 7 to a red 8. On the tableau itself, you can move the face up cards from pile to pile, alternating in color and in descending order. To win a game of Solitaire, you have to move all the cards distributed across the tableau and the stock to the 4 foundations, sorted by suit and in ascending order from the Ace to the King. The rules below concern the easy and most frequently played version, dealing 1 card. When you start a new game, you can choose whether you want to deal 1 card or 3 cards. The foundation: All the cards of the foundation, waste and tableau ultimately end up here.The waste: Once all the cards of the stock have been brought into play, they end up face up in the waste pile.The stock: After the 28 cards have been dealt into piles on the tableau, the remaining 24 cards comprise the stockpile and are turned face down.Only the last card of each pile is turned face up and the rest are turned face down. The first pile always consists of 1 card, with each subsequent pile containing 1 more card than the preceding one. The tableau: Solitaire is played with 52 cards, with 28 of them being distributed in 7 piles across the tableau.To help you learn to play the game, let’s first explain what the playing field looks like. This game has even become so popular over time that most people simply call it “Solitaire”, without the “Klondike”. Solitaire is the collective name for a large number of single-player card games, of which Klondike Solitaire is the best known. ![]() |